Walt Whitman Poetic Devices

Graceful Devices Walt Whitman: Parallel Structure †In â€Å"I Hear America Singing† lines 2-8 are the best instances of Parallel Structure. Those of mechanics, every one singing his as it ought to be carefree and solid, The woodworker singing his as he gauges his board or beam,The bricklayer singing his as he prepares for work, or leaves off work, The boatman singing what has a place with him in his vessel, the deckhand singing on the steamer deck, The shoemaker singing as he sits on his seat, the hatter singing as he stands, The wood-cutter’s tune, the plowboy’s on his way toward the beginning of the day, or around early afternoon break or at twilight, The tasty singing of the mother, or of the youthful spouse at work, or of the young lady sewing or washing, Free Verse †Free refrain is a sonnet that is composed with no kind of rhyme in it and â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider† is an ideal example.It doesn’t rhyme, however to bode well he u tilizes reiteration, allegory, similar sounding word usage and embodiment. Punctuation †A case of punctuation in â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider† was the point at which the storyteller tends to his spirit. Temperament †initially state of mind of the sonnet â€Å"When I Heard the Learned Astronomer† was somewhat worn out and debilitated. Yet, in the second piece of the sonnet his disposition transforms it to sort of sentimental. List †Catalog resembles to make a rundown, and Whitman makes a rundown of specialist like craftsman, artisan, wood creator, and so forth in the sonnet â€Å"I hear America Singing†

Discuss the Role of Malaysian Aob

Talk about the job of Malaysian AOB (Audit Oversight Board) When was the AOB set up? The Audit Oversight Board (â€Å"AOB†) is built up under Part IIIA of the Securities Commission Act 1993 (â€Å"SCA†) which came into power on 1 April 2010 to advance and build up a compelling review oversight system and to advance trust in the quality and unwavering quality of examined fiscal reports in Malaysia. The order of occasions of setting up AOB in Malaysia is: September to October 2007: Budget 2008 Announcement by YAB PM †â€Å"Government will set up a Public Companies Accounting Oversight Board under the support of the SC†.Consultations held with industry gatherings and controllers. January to April 2008: Appropriate review oversight structure for Malaysia Securities Commission (Amendment) Bill 2009 which contains the foundation and elements of the AOB went in the two Houses of Parliament. December 2009 Securities Commission (Amendment) Bill 2009 which contains th e foundation and elements of the AOB went in the two Houses of Parliament. 1 April 2010 Part IIIA Securities Commission (Amendment) Act 2010 came into power. (Set up of Audit Oversight Board) What is it assumed AOB to do?Under Part IIIA of the SCA 1993, AOB is dependable to 5 significant capacities so as to help the Security Committee (SC), which recorded as beneath: (i)Standard setting AOB has the ability to coordinate the Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA) to set up, receive, change, adjust, modify or by any consolidated ways, the examining and moral guidelines to be applied by enlisted reviewers. It is additionally dependable to actualize approaches and projects in guaranteeing a successful review oversight framework in Malaysia. (ii)Registration Auditors of open intrigue substances (PIEs) must enlist and perceived by AOB to guarantee the reviewing procedure is fit and proper.It is an offense for non-enrollment. (iii)Sanctions AOB has the ability to force proper authorizati ons against enrolled examiners who neglect to conform to evaluating and moral guidelines. (iv)Inspection In agreement with Section 31V(1) of Part IIIA of the SCA, the enrolled review firm and examiner will be dependent upon investigations by the AOB to evaluate the level of consistence withthe inspecting and moral principles by the reviewer and the nature of the review reports arranged by the evaluator identifying with the evaluated budget reports of the PIEs. v)Inquiry Section 31W of the SCA then again engages AOB to lead a request if there is motivation to accept that any evaluator has repudiated any arrangements of Part IIIA of the SCA, any condition forced under area 31O(4) of the SCA or any composed notification or rules gave by the SC. For what reason do we need an AOB? The need of review oversight board (AOB) is to ensure all review strategy is follow presumably by the evaluator. By doing this it is implies that AOB is the person who check crafted by audit.In other route it a s act review oversight structure in Malaysia. It is critical to have AOB is on the grounds that thusly, review work are progressively solid. Other than that, AOB expected to advance trust in the quality and dependability of reviewed budget reports in Malaysia. There are numerous cases which include the nature of evaluated detailed, for example, Enron, Parmalat, World Com, Transmile and so on. By hosting a progressively free get-together the AOB, which advance more certainty and solid report. Along these lines make enthusiasm for financial specialist to put resources into Malaysia market.What is the AOB accomplished up until this point? In view of the updates on AOB on ‘The Edge’ magazine on 4 October 2012. AOB has shaped an official coordinated effort in review oversight with the Japan Financial Services Authority and the Certified Public Accountants Audit Oversight Board (CPAAOB). â€Å"This joint effort would encourage review controllers to supervise cross outskirt r eviews towards improving the adequacy of the protections markets and financial specialist insurance in the separate countries,† said by executive Nik Mohd Hasyudeen YusoffThe SC said the coordinated effort was the AOB’s first game plan with different controllers outside the Asean district. The official participation will permit the review controllers to share data upon demand, as for remote review firms that fall inside the individual administrative purview. This will, in the long run, advance the certainty of abroad clients in utilizing the reviewed reports in Malaysia. What are the discoveries and outcomes of AOB up until this point? After the foundation of AOB, there are a sure significant change in the review field.All review firm are require to enroll their organization with AOB in Malaysia. The register of review firm is requirement for AOB to keep estimating the review work of the firm. In light of AOB, each organization accomplice will be measure their work each couple of year. Review accomplice licenses will likewise be relinquish whenever discovered their work are not in tit he right system. This activity, have cause numerous reviewer to accomplish more work or all the more working paper. Thusly, much cost will be brought about to the examined firm.The reason reviewer doing so is to scan for more review proof and furthermore to abstain from being sack as an inspector. On 16 July 2012, there are accomplice being punished by AOB following scarcely any time of foundation of AOB. The senior accomplice of a mid-level bookkeeping firm is the principal evaluator to be punished for breaking a condition forced when he enrolled with the board. Last Thursday, Alvin Tee Guan Pian of UHY Malaysia was reproved for â€Å"failure to follow the applicable prerequisites of the perceived examining norms in Malaysia I. . the International Standards on Auditing†. ( Enroll Oh, Starbiz, 2012) Audit oversight board is additionally enabled to punished an inspector whenever discovered misquote in review report. Thusly, the inspector report are progressively solid to outside client due to there is another free body which is the AOB include in the Malaysia review field. In an entire, the build up of AOB had elevate more favorable position to the review firm contrast with impediment. It is like what different nations have experienced?Malaysia are not the principal nation which build up AOB, yet Malaysia are the second nation in ASEAN nation and top tenth is Asian nation which set up AOB. This has show that Malaysia examining rehearses are adhering to the improvement of worldwide norm. Other than that, additionally show Malaysia is worry about the adjustment in bookkeeping standard to other nation. AOB in different nations which have as of now build up are also same in their capacity of standard setting, enlistment, authorizations, assessment and request.

Two artists research Clay Ketter and Jen Worden Paper

Two craftsmen Clay Ketter and Jen Worden - Research Paper Example His most celebrated works incorporate 90 by 90 cm Broom storeroom divider (2001); a blended media on masonite and mortar board, 180 by 244 cm Spider Woods (2010); C-print photo mounted on diasec and 110 by 110 cm Clear (1993); silicone, material on plasterboard. The size of his works is near however not totally life size which gives the eyewitness a dreamlike discernment. Human and social issues are significant for Ketter and in his most recent work these issues have become increasingly clear. For example in Gulf Coast Slabs (2007), photographic items show hints of homes overwhelmed by the typhoon Katrina that hit the American Gulf Coast in 2006. The style created in this arrangement lie somewhere close to the real world and reflection. Despite the fact that Ketter’s work doesn't representation people, it rotates around the manner in which individuals live, develop and deconstruct. Ketter has engraved history on his fine art. Jen Worden is an occupant of Canada. Craftsmanship has been her deep rooted fixation. Her gems contain watercolor, pen and ink outline, computerized media, paper and bookmaking. Her present intrigue is in blended media arrangement and array. In spite of the fact that Jen’s introductory preparing was in expressive arts, she has worked in advanced media for more than ten years. Her motivation originates from the magnificence of nature; excellence which should be portrayed and introduced to the world. Worden’s most loved strategy is making surfaces; from sticking layers of paper to various mediums to joining layers of metal to get textural features. Working on something with one use and transforming it into something with another use entrances Jen and this is actually what she has done in her blended media works. Her work is affected by the attitude of finding new and inventive employments of ordinary material. Her blended media work can without a doubt be known as a rebirthing procedure as it includes the modifying of more seasoned and deadened canvases into something new and

Spectacles and Pitfalls of Performance in The Man of Mode - Literature Essay Samples

George Etherege’s The Man of Mode criticizes the rakish society in which it is set, yet is more critical of the foolishness and desperation that women display in pursuit of romantic love, as by-products of the rakish ideals. In particular, Bellinda and Mrs. Loveit employ performance and deception in romantic pursuits and become disempowered spectacles as a result. Although various characters exhibit theatrical behaviors in the play, these women fall victim to their own theatricality, as their deliberate performances within the narrative make them into central spectacles of the criticisms embodied by the play. Bellinda and Dorimant set the play off with corresponding acts of deceptive performance culminating in eventual unequal degrees of censure for their actions. When Bellinda deceives Mrs. Loveit first through pretending to think Mrs. Loveit was the vizard entertaining Dorimant at the theatre the previous night, she stages the interaction with fluid conversation, directing i t in such a way that Mrs. Loveit is unnecessarily distraught. This cruelty is heightened by the fact that Bellinda stresses Dorimant’s treatment of the â€Å"mask† was â€Å"with more respect than the gallants do a common vizard† and that both Bellinda and Dorimant claim to believe that the woman was Mrs. Loveit merely for their own convenience and amusement (McMillin 107). It is apparent that Bellinda aims to upset Mrs. Loveit more than necessary in order to carry out the deception when she tells her â€Å"Till the play was done, and then led her out; which confirms me it was you,† but prior to fooling Mrs. Loveit, Bellinda reveals in an aside that â€Å"nothing but love could make [her] capable of so much falsehood† (McMillin 107, 108). The confession equips Bellinda with human qualities so she can be sympathized with, but it also robs her character of dignity. She is portrayed as pathetic since she is aware of Dorimant’s tendencies is willing to deceive her friend for him—yet is blinded by her feelings and rendered powerless against his motives. The fact that Bellinda wore the mask not only gave forth the impression of her coquetry and artificiality, but it made her into a spectacle, which is taken further when she and Bellinda publicly criticize his actions. Bellinda’s words â€Å"Do not think of clearing yourself with me. It is impossible. Do all men break their words thus† only make her look foolish for having believed him rather than harming his reputation (McMillin 163). In combination with her earlier run-ins with being exposed, this scene gives her character questionable morals as well as falseness.Female powerlessness in the face of Dorimant’s whims is an implicit theme throughout. The first scene shows another invented role for Dorimant, in his letter to Mrs. Loveit. As he refers to her as a last resort, his letter that reads â€Å"I never was a lover of business, but now I have a just reason to hate it, since it has kept me these two days from seeing you† has the effect of creating satire surrounding his courtship rituals and the false persona he creates (McMillin 94). This scene criticizes the way Dorimant uses women which is emphasized by Medley’s statement that he â€Å"love[s] mischief well enough to forward this business [him]self† and also by Dorimant’s confession that he has not had the â€Å"pleasure† of upsetting a woman or making her sullen for three days (McMillin 94). However, this subtle critique is nowhere near as salient as the portrayal of Mrs. Loveit as erratic when she demands â€Å"Tell me, for I will know, what devil masked she was, you were with at the play yesterday† and cries â€Å"Horror and distraction seize you! Sorrow and remorse gnaw at your soul and punish all your perjuries to me† (McMillin 109). Mrs. Loveit’s reaction to Dorimant’s misogyny strikes the read er as outrageous and excessive; although she is showing honest emotion, the fury she evokes when she tears her fan into pieces and weeps, among Dorimant’s and Bellinda’s calculated deception and their relative calmness, becomes a spectacle more satiric than the earlier description of the very misogyny at work. As a result of their respective theatrical acts as plots to counter the inevitability of Dorimant’s libertinism, Bellinda and Mrs. Loveit are depicted as vapid and as singularly focused on acquiring Dorimant’s love. These characterizations of the women also take into account that they know better than to continually seek out Dorimant’s affection, as they both explicitly state, for example, when Bellinda says â€Å"H’as given me the proof which I desired of his love; but ‘tis a proof of his ill nature too. I wish I had not seen him use her so† and when Mrs. Loveit says, â€Å"Oh, that my love would but be calm awhile, tha t I might receive this man with all the scorn and indignation he deserves† (McMillin 112, 151). Despite Mrs. Loveit’s awareness of Dorimant’s ill intentions and his past deception, her desire for Dorimant to have feelings for her causes her to use Sir Fopling as heedlessly as she would use a stage prop and to flirt with him to arouse Dorimant’s jealousy, which she admits shamelessly when she says â€Å"’Tis the strongest cordial we can give to dying love. It often brings it back when there’s no sign of life remaining† (McMillin 129). Mrs. Loveit takes such measures as molding her personality to be compatible with Sir Fopling’s by discussing fabrics and gloves and gossiping about â€Å"all the ill-fashioned things [they] meet† to provoke Dorimant’s jealousy (McMillin 130-31). The degree of desperation that governs this performance is revealed when Mrs. Loveit and Dorimant have a subsequent argument and after telling Dorimant that she is indifferent towards him and she prefers Sir Fopling, she pleads with Dorimant to stay, saying â€Å"I hate that nauseous fool, you know I do† (McMillin 154). Since this betrays to Dorimant her intentions in engaging Sir Fopling that night, Mrs. Loveit resolves to quit the staging of her false feelings; again, because her feelings are intense, Mrs. Loveit is made to look like a fool, especially when Dorimant, with ambiguous intent, asks her to satisfy his love and she responds that she would â€Å"die to satisfy that† (McMillin 154). When Mrs. Loveit refuses to act out this role Dorimant suggests to salvage his vanity and ego, ironically, he calls Mrs. Loveit false and allows her to see that he is toying wit her emotions. Still, her jealousy of the supposed mysterious woman he was with cause her desire to â€Å"pluck her mask off, and expose her bare-faced to the world† (McMillin 154-56). Mrs. Loveit’s anger and â€Å"restlessnessâ €  is genuine, yet she strikes the reader and Bellinda as volatile and her emotional responses are conveyed as potentially humorous. Her sincerity, since she is not composed, causes her feelings to be exposed repeatedly and made into social critique. It also renders her silent in the end, when Harriet mocks her fixation on Dorimant, calling him Mrs. Loveit’s â€Å"God almighty;† Harriet’s condescending insult echoes societal judgment, solidifying it as the perspective for the narrative (McMillin 165). These women, because of the goals of their theatrical endeavors, are portrayed as narrowly focused, as relentlessly devoid of self-respect, and self-interested at the expense of others. They are the epitome of women fallen and rendered voiceless to the male-dominated libertine society.Dorimant escapes a similar depiction even though he is more false and more characteristically ill intentioned than Mrs. Loveit and Bellinda. Although he is immersed in a misogynist ic lifestyle, such a role in a man is more widely accepted than the role of a sightless or fallen woman. Since Dorimant does not turn himself into a spectacle, he is able to live his life unhindered. There are glimpses of punishment for Dorimant that suggest that his theatrical tendencies—such as over-stating his regard for certain women, being implicit in deceiving them for sport, and pretending to be Mr. Courtage to win the favor of Harriet’s mother—are shameful. However, his misfortunes are few and short-lived. While Dorimant invokes theatricality for courtship, like the women, this quality is more accepted in a man, perhaps because his focus is less singular, and people see him as less desperate. Dorimant’s jealousy when he sees Sir Fopling and Mrs. Loveit together serves as a repercussion for deceiving Mrs. Loveit, but he retains a superior stance because she all but admits that her actions were to provoke him (McMillin 130, 154). Bellinda and Mrs. L oveit were degraded to foolishness and insipidity by their performances in respect to Dorimant, whereas Dorimant’s performances had a neutral influence over his reputation and affairs. However, Harriet, in connection with Dorimant, manipulated theatricality to her advantage and redeemed Dorimant’s character.Harriet employed mimicry and performance as a means of separating herself from the typical members of society that she was among and simultaneously drawing Dorimant to her, which glorified them both by association. Within the narrative of the play, her manipulations of theatricality always successfully diverted any of the corrupt attention from influencing her character, diverted an undesired marriage, and she stands as the model of empowerment through careful use of performance. Harriet is never a spectacle, although her bold use of imitation as commentary on Dorimant’s behavior proved an enigmatic method of attracting him to her. Harriet is the antithesis o f artificiality and falsehood as evidenced by her criticisms on the dissolute society, such as when she tells Young Bellair â€Å"He’s agreeable and pleasant, I must own, but he does so much affect being so, he displeases me† (McMillin 124). Harriet’s very perception of the affectation present in Dorimant is what makes her desirable to him. The narrative progresses in such a way that, although ultimately the patriarchal atmosphere of the setting is the reason for women to fall to obsessing over courtly love like Mrs. Loveit and Bellinda do, Harriet is admired for her individuality among the others. Along with this uniqueness comes a common tendency for her to imitate actions to serve various purposes, namely, to pretend there is a flirtation between her and Young Bellair so that they can outsmart their relatives, and to call out Dorimant for displaying artifices (McMillin 116, 126). As Harriet is starkly contrasted against the other women, her purposes for perfo rmance of this kind are nearly opposite theirs. In mocking Dorimant’s affectations and having sound distance from and resistance to Dorimant’s charms, Harriet is able to reach him in a way no other woman can. When Harriet accuses Dorimant of begging â€Å"the ladies’ good liking with a sly softness in [his] looks and a gentle slowness in [his] bows,† her complete lack of artifices surfaces as the only force that can redeem his character somewhat, so that he doesn’t end up dissipated, the way Mrs. Loveit and Bellinda are damaged (McMillin 126). Her unique perspective and her resistance to immersion in the cultural atmosphere deflect the potential for her theatricality to represent the play’s core critiques.The play suggests that women’s deliberate use of theatricality for courtship by means of artifices or disguises degrades them and turns them into spectacles. While Harriet has individuality and certain related merits, the enigmatic r ole she plays by virtue of being so oppositional to the other women degrades them further. Since her theatrical intentions are carried out cleverly and discerningly, she is a heroine among the corrupt. She will not fall into spectacle like Mrs. Loveit and Bellinda, and her use of performance, instead, empowers herself and Dorimant, redeeming his character from his prior pitfalls that the society partially condemns and partially accepts. Although it cannot be exclusively attributed to one character, Mrs. Loveit’s and Bellinda’s final silence is aggravated by all of the events that suggest women must marry and be validated by a man, yet condemn women who focus too exclusively on such matters.Works Cited:McMillin, Scott. Restoration and Eighteenth-century Comedy. New York: W.W. Norton , 1997. Print.

Alcohol Is The Biggest Killer Of Young People - 1566 Words

Just as Vodka is the drink often associated with Russian culture, Guinness dark stout beer is the drink often associated with Irish culture. This culture is often known for heavy drinking and friendly pubs. Irish whiskey such as Jameson is proudly consumed and exported. Alcohol is the biggest killer of young people in Ireland and many are impacted by their parents drinking. One person dies every seven hours due to alcohol in Ireland. Nine out of ten public order crimes in Ireland are alcohol related and one tenth of the health budget is spent on dealing with alcohol related harm. Studies conducted at universities in Ireland found that drinking behaviors were impacted by having fathers or older siblings with drinking problems. The environment the child grows up in can be highly influential in the child’s attitudes toward alcohol and what they think is normal, and this applies in any culture. One of the most attractive parts of Irish culture is the local pub. The pub has always been known as a place to get together, meet friends, and begin romantic relationships. Tourists from all over the world flood to Dublin during Saint Patrick’s Day to walk the famed O’Connell Street just to involve themselves in the binge drinking tradition and pay a visit to the famed pubs so well known in Irish culture. The pub tradition is just as prominent in Scottish and English culture. Underage drinking is a normal occurrence and widely accepted in these cultures. Germany has a long history ofShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Drinking And Driving1648 Words   |  7 Pagesthe fact of the matter is drinking and Driving is one of the biggest killers of many young Americans these days. What drives many people to drink and drive? Do they do because of the peer pressure or maybe because they think it makes them look cool? 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In this sectionRead MoreType 2 Diabetes : A Silent Killer1419 Words   |  6 PagesType 2 diabetes is a silent killer that often has no symptoms. Diabetes is a life-long chronic disease that affects your whole body. Being overweight, eating unhealthy, and not exercising leads to a lot of health complications that may increase your risk of type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle choices such as healthy foods and moderate physical activity are important for an individual to stay healthy. Practicing a healthy lifestyle is essential in preventing the development of type 2 diabetes.

Drugs Should Their Use and Sale Be Legalized Essay

Drugs: Should Their Sale and Use Be Legalized? Within the last 50 years, drug legalization has been a very hotly debated topic in the United States society. It almost seems that every street drug was once legal, but banned soon after its introduction in society. Illegal substances that one sees today were once synthesized and created by chemist such as LSD, ecstasy, methamphetamine, cocaine, and etc., and at some point used for medical reasons, however during many circumstances were deemed illegal by the government due to detrimental effects after prolonged usage. William Bennetts Drugs: Should Their Sale and Use Be Legalized targets the general American public into understanding the societal importance of upholding the nations†¦show more content†¦Ive seen them in hospitals across the country (Bennett 595). As one can see he refers to his own experiences, and claims that the problems that he sees with the legalization of drugs with his own eyes. This of course is very powerful because he uses his own experiences as evid ence in the article. Also in this quote one can see that ethos is intertwined with pathos, when he paints a graphic image of damaged infants because of drugs. This image is effective, because it disheartens the reader to think that we are going to have a generation of unhealthy crack babies. Another example of ethos is shown when Bennett states, I have been traveling the country, visiting drug-ridden neighborhoods, seeing treatment and prevention programs in actionÂ… (Bennett 596). Once again Bennett effectively uses his own experiences as evidence to why drug illegalization does work. I is also used again in this quote to imply that he has expertise in this field, and because the reader goes into the piece knowing his background when he uses the word I and includes his own experiences it works to his advantage. Bennett also states that drugs hurt parents, destroy families, and ruin friendships (Bennett 596). Again pathos is at work here, because Bennett convinces the reader that drugs not only hurt the individual but everyone else around them. This is very effective because even drug legalization advocates, or users that are readingShow MoreRelatedLegalization Of Marijuan It Is A Criminal1470 Words   |  6 PagesTHC and are smoked in cigarettes and in pipes as drug. Most people still believes that the argument over why marijuana should be legalized is related to the debates over alcohol that led to it illegalization in 1920. According to national institute of drug abuse, they report that over 55% of American citizens believe that marijuana shouldn’t be legalized and 45% claim that it should be legalized (120-123). Most people believe that marijuana should be illegal because it creates violence at schoolRead MoreThe Legalization Of Recreational Marijuana1645 Words   |  7 Pagesrecently been a widely debated topic, especially since medical marijuana was legalized in several states. 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According to the research performed by Harvard University, â€Å"kids who used marijuana only recreationally showed significant abnormalities in the brain† (1). In a related study from the University Of Maryland School, Of Medicine found that â€Å"Regular marijuana use during adolescence, but not adulthood, may permanently impair cognition and increase the risk for psychiatric diseases, such as schizophreniaRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuan The Time For Change1359 Words   |  6 Pageson drug abuse, â€Å"Marijuana—also called weed, herb, pot, grass, bud, ganja, Mary Jane, and a vast number of other slang terms—is a greenish-gray mixture of the dried, shredded leaves and flowers of Cannabis sativa— the hemp plant.† (National Inst itution on Drug Abuse). Today twenty-three states and the District of Columbia currently have laws legalizing marijuana in some form. 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Codman Shurtleff free essay sample

This will insure a continuous system is in place to explore methods to manufacture technological superior products with less costs. 3. Recommendations 1. Continue using the JJ’s 5 and 10 year planning and control system and align the Codman’s strategy with JJ’s strategy 2. Focus on resolving the profit shortfall by focusing on actions that have a long-term effect on operations rather than short term performance 3. Introduce the â€Å"stage gate† product development process 4. Discussion: 4. 1 Analyze annual planning and control processes: Codman prepares its plan and strategy consistent with J J’s, as they believe the key elements in success is due to three basic tenets â€Å"a basic belief in decentralized management , a sense of responsibility, a desire to manage for long term† as David Clare does. 4. 1. 1 short-term long-term planning and control Codman Shurtleff is carrying out the financial plan in terms of two different time span. We will write a custom essay sample on Codman Shurtleff or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The short-term plans are included a budget for upcoming year, and second-year forecast. The long-term plans contain annual five- and ten-year plan. The planning horizon focuses on two years and remains fixed over a five-year period. The concept is illustrated in Figure 1. The profit plan and second-year forecast are used to control the business and evaluated mangers in respective of â€Å"planning, forecasts, and achievement†. Under these plans, managers can prompt find problems by reviewing the budget on three occasions, comparing the variances between real number and estimated number, and correcting the errors in order to achieve the long term target. Managers can perceive and understand how and why their estimates have changed over time; consequently, they will control themselves to meet their long-term targets on their own initiative. . 1. 2. Corporate-level subsidiaries-level planning and control Also, financial plan can be varied due to various accountabilities in different subsidiaries, which ensure the subsidiary managers have freedom with boundary set up by corporate level. In our case, Codman makes its own plan and budget, and then formalizes it after acceptance by corporate committees. For dec entralized system in JJ, the complex with both levels of planning and control, provides real benefits. For example, more accurate information and fair measurements have been preferably delivered through bottom-up process. The subsidiary managers will run the business in the same direction of the whole Corporation, simultaneously deal with problems by their own ability and wisdom, rather than leave them to the corporate level. Lastly, the current planning and control at Codman based on JJ’s strategy is worth to be continuously carried out. What we should emphasis on is the long term plan is more like blue print, which stimulates people to reach the future goal and focus on actions that have long-term effect on operations, rather than being caught up by day-to-day activities. Subsidiary mangers should conduct planning and control under this basis. Every time when they make adjustment and decisions, they should not only intend to achieve the short term budget, with compromising long-term benefits. We will analyze the planning and control system more in-depth, through following 4. 2 Evaluating planning and control system The planning and control system used in JJ is based on the five – and ten-year planning concept which delivers long-term visions for the company. The reason why JJ adapted the five – and ten-year planning concept rather than a moving planning horizon is that managers need to always include in their plans an account of how and why their estimates have changed over time, and also, it shows company an objective way of setting aspirations. Johnson Johnson is managed on a decentralised basis and comprises about 155 autonomous subsidiaries. According to its excerpt form the 1985 Annual Report, the company is organised on the principle of decentralised management and conducts its business through operation subsidiaries, for the most part, integral, autonomous operations. Direct responsibility for each company lies with its operating management, headed by the president, general manager or managing director who reports directly or through a company group chairman to a member of the Executive Committee. Therefore, the effectiveness of planning and control system is closely related to this typical structure of the company. 4. 2. 1. Strength There are numeral advantages of this type of structure. Managers can revise their thinking and evaluate their operations over time. Problems involved in operations can be found out on time so managers can see the results from performance immediately and response quickly. Generally, employees that are in decentralised companies have relative higher morale compared to other type of structures. The reason is that managers have more controls over the performances of the subsidiaries, the innovation (product development) and other services required etc. This planning and control system, however, is not used to punish but to try and find and correct problems (Bruns, 1998). 4. 2. 2. Weakness In another aspect of the planning and control system used by Johnson Johnson, there are also two limitations exist. The first one is that the system might be costly to use. As the company has a decentralized structure so it requires specialists (management) to ran their business for each operating subsidiaries. This could be one factor that causes excessive budget. The other weakness may exist is that managers may be forced to cut off some necessary spending to follow the budget. To illustrate this weakness in this case, take an example, when the two million shortfalls occur, managers in Codman become so sensitive about this figure.